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Free_Fire_Zone
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Prev: Scanscape Up: Contents Next: The Half-Moons of Repression
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3. Free Fire Zone
Beyond the scanscape of the fortified core is the halo of barrios and
ghettos that surround Downtown Los Angeles. In Burgess's original
Chicago-inspired schema this was the "zone in transition": the
boarding house and tenement streets, intermixed with old industry and
transportation infrastructure, that sheltered new immigrant families
and single male laborers. Los Angeles's inner ring of freeway-sliced
Latino neighborhoods still recapitulate these classical functions.
Here in Boyle and Lincoln Heights, Central-Vernon and MacArthur Park
are the ports of entry for the region's poorest immigrants, as well as
the low-wage labor reservoir for Downtown's hotels and garment
sweatshops. Residential densities, just as in the Burgess diagram, are
the highest in the city. (According to the 1990 Census one district of
MacArthur Park is nearly 30% denser than Midtown Manhattan!)
Finally, just as in Chicago in 1927, this tenement zone ("where an
inordinately large number of children are crowded into a small area")
remains the classic breeding ground of teenage street gangs (over
one-hundred according to L.A. school district intelligence). But while
"Gangland" in 1920s Chicago was theorized as essentially interstitial
to the social organization of the city -- "as better residential
districts recede before the encroachments of business and industry,
the gang develops as one manifestation of the economic, moral, and
cultural frontier which marks the interstice" -- a gang map of Los
Angeles today is coextensive with the geography of social class.
Tribalized teenage violence now spills out of the inner ring into the
older suburban zones; the Boyz are now in the 'Hood where Ozzie and
Harriet used to live.
For all that, however, the inner ring remains the most dangerous
sector of the city. Ramparts Division of the LAPD, which patrols just
west of Downtown, regularly investigates more homicides than any other
neighborhood police jurisdiction in the nation. Nearby MacArthur Park,
once the jewel in the crown of L.A.'s park system, is now a free-fire
zone where crack dealers and street gangs settle their scores with
shotguns and uzis. Thirty people were murdered there in 1990. By their
own admission, the overwhelmed inner-city detachments of the LAPD are
unable to keep track of all the bodies on the street, much less deal
with common burglaries, car thefts or gang-organized protection
rackets. Lacking the resources or political clout of more affluent
neighborhoods, the desperate population of the inner ring is left to
its own devices. As a last resort they have turned to Messieurs Smith
& Wesson, whose name follows "protected by..." on many a porch.
Slumlords, meanwhile, are mounting their own private reign of terror
against drug-dealers and petty criminals. Faced with new laws
authorizing the seizure of drug-infested properties, they are hiring
goon squads and armed mercenaries to "exterminate" crime in their
tenements. The L.A. Times recently described the swashbuckling
adventures of one such crew in the Pico-Union, Venice and Panorama
City (San Fernando Valley) areas.
Led by a six-foot-three 280-pound "soldier of fortune" named David
Roybal, this security squad is renown amongst landlords for its
efficient brutality. Suspected drug-dealers and their customers, as
well as mere deadbeats and other landlord irritants, are physically
driven from buildings at gunpoint. Those who resist or even complain
are beaten without mercy. In a Panorama City raid a few years ago, the
Times notes, "Roybal and his crew collared so many residents and
squatters for drugs that they converted a recreation room into a
holding tank and handcuffed arrestees to a blood-spattered wall." The
LAPD knew about this private jail but dismissed residents' complaints
"because it serves the greater good."
Roybal and his gang closely resemble the so-called matadors, or hired
gunslingers, who patrol Brazilian urban neighborhoods and frequently,
while the police deliberately turn their backs, execute persistent
criminals, even street urchins. Their common coda is that "they get
the job done [when] all else has failed." As one of Roybal's most
aggressive competitors explains:
Somebody's got to rule and when we're there, we rule. When somebody
says something smart, we body-slam him, right on the floor with all
of his friends looking. We handcuff them and kick them and when the
paramedics come and they're on the stretcher, we say: `Hey, sue me.'
Apart from these rent-a-thugs, the Inner City also spawns a vast
cottage industry that manufactures bars and grates for home
protection. Indeed most of the bungalows in the inner ring now tend to
resemble cages in a zoo. As in a George Romero movie, working-class
families must now lock themselves in every night from the zombified
city outside. One inadvertent consequence has been the terrifying
frequency with which fires immolate entire families trapped helpless
in their barred homes.
The prison cell house has many resonances in the landscape of the
inner city. Before the Spring uprising most liquor stores, borrowing
from the precedent of pawnshops, had completely caged in the area
behind the counter, with firearms discretely hidden at strategic
locations. Even local greasy spoons were beginning to exchange
hamburgers for money through bullet-proof acrylic turnstiles.
Windowless concrete-block buildings, with rough surfaces exposed to
deter graffiti, have spread across the streetscape like acne during
the last decade. Now insurance companies may make such riot-proof
bunkers virtually obligatory in the rebuilding of many districts.
Local intermediate and secondary schools, meanwhile, have become even
more indistinguishable from jails. As per capita education spending
has plummeted in Los Angeles, scarce resources have been absorbed in
fortifying school grounds and hiring armed security police. Teenagers
complain bitterly about overcrowded classrooms and demoralized
teachers on decaying campuses that have become little more than
daytime detention centers for an abandoned generation. The schoolyard,
meanwhile, has become a killing field. Just as their parents once
learned to cower under desks in the case of an atomic bomb attack, so
students today are "taught to drop at a teacher's signal in case of
... a driveby shooting -- and stay there until they receive an
all-clear signal."
Federally subsidized and public housing projects, for their part, are
coming to resemble the infamous "strategic hamlets" that were used to
incarcerate the rural population of Vietnam. Although no L.A. housing
project is yet as technologically sophisticated as Chicago's
CabriniGreen, where retinal scans (c.f., the opening sequence of Blade
Runner) are used to check i.d.s, police exercise increasing control
over freedom of movement. Like peasants in a rebel countryside, public
housing residents of every age are stopped and searched at will, and
their homes broken into without court warrants. In one particularly
galling incident, just a few weeks before the Spring 1992 riots, the
LAPD arrested more than fifty people in the course of a surprise raid
upon Watts' Imperial Courts project.
In a city with the nation's worst housing shortage, project residents,
fearful of eviction, are increasingly reluctant to claim any of their
constitutional protections against unlawful search or seizure.
Meanwhile national guidelines approved by Housing Secretary Jack Kemp
(and almost certain to be continued in the Clinton administration)
allow housing authorities to evict families of alleged drug-dealers or
felons. This opens the door to a policy of collective punishment as
practiced, for example, by the Israelis against Palestinian
communities on the West Bank.
_________________________________________________________________
Prev: Scanscape Up: Contents Next: The Half-Moons of Repression